What is Simplex Mapping?

In the world of amateur radio two modes of communication are especially common. These are referred to as "simplex" and using a "repeater". The following paragraphs give a short introduction to these modes. The actual data maps are found elsewhere. An explanation of the maps currently being produced is available on this web site.

Repeaters

A repeater is a special radio installation that has the ability to listen to an incoming signal on one frequency and re-transmit the signal on a different frequency. However, the repeater typically has better antennas, sensitivity, and greater output power than the radios that are making use of it. So a user only has to be able to emit a signal strong enough to reach the repeater, then his/her signal will be repeated at a higher power and normally from a much better location (such as a mountaintop), thereby making the signal available to a much wider geographic area. This allows even a small, low-power handheld radio to communicate with others over a large region such as San Diego County. Most, if not all, repeaters have emergency power capability, but are subject to damage from external forces such as fire, earthquake, etc.

Simplex Operation

The term simplex refers to the mode of communication where radios communicate directly with each other, without any third-party assistance such as a repeater or a cell phone tower. If the radios are operated on battery power this type of communication is completely independent of any infrastructure, which makes it the only truly reliable way of relaying information in a timely fashion in times of serious emergency when power and telephones are not available.

Unfortunately, whether two or more people can communicate in simplex mode is highly dependent on the capabilities and locations of the radios involved. The quality of the antenna and the available power output determine the capability. However, even a powerful radio cannot always overcome some of the obstacles, such as an intervening mountain. The most common type of radio uses the 2-meter frequency band, which depends on relative line-of-sight communication. If a person is transmitting from a deep canyon it is very unlikely that anyone outside the canyon will receive the signal.

Because of the constraints of relatively low power and line-of-sight communication, simplex operation presents a large challenge for covering a large area such as San Diego County. In this case it is desirable to have in place a network of operators who can relay messages, and who already know the challenges they face.

This is the goal of the MARA simplex mapping project: to build a database describing "who can hear whom from where" in the event of a serious emergency, and to make this information available to both those having leadership responsibilities and to the general pool of amateur radio operators who may be called upon to pass emergency traffic.

Simplex Mapping Procedure

On the day of a mapping exercise amateur radio operators are positioned at locations of interest around San Diego County. A repeater is used to coordinate the activity, so that everyone can hear instructions and in turn take part in the process. One operator acts as the net control.

The first item of business is to determine who is taking part, so a roll call is held. Operators are asked to respond with their call sign and location, and these are noted for later use. Instructions are then given on how the mapping will be conducted.

Each participant is called upon one at a time to act as a transmitter. The individual's call sign is given, along with a short description of the transmit power and the type of antenna being used. These details are noted by (at least) the appointed record keeper. The transmitter then does a short count, usually to ten. During this "ten count" all other operators momentarily turn their receive frequency to the input frequency of the repeater. This means that they are at that time listening directly to the same frequency on which the designated person is transmitting. If they hear anything it is because they are receiving a signal directly from the source, i.e., a simplex signal. (Remember that the repeater transmits on a different frequency than the one it receives, so it is not producing a signal on the same frequency as the designated source.) Each listener records what they hear (or don't hear) as a relative signal strength and quality (clear, scratchy, etc.).

After each person has had a chance to act as the transmit source, the exercise is concluded. The participants are asked to submit their records to a central location or person for processing. As of this writing the data is maintained in a Microsoft Access database, and special-purpose software has been written to extract it in various ways for dissemination.

Post Processing

The goal of the entire simplex exercise is make the results available to interested parties in a form that is useful. Over the years this has been evolving, beginning with tabular form and now to graphics. As geographic information systems have become commonly available it is now possible to show the data in an easily understood format. Improvements continue, and suggestions are welcome.